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Teledermatology is one of the most important developments of digitalisation in dermatology. It has helped to ensure continuity of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The combination of teledermatology with artificial intelligence can significantly improve medical decision-making. Among imaging modalities, dermoscopy is the most widely used, and its effectiveness can be significantly enhanced when combined with artificial intelligence. Novel techniques that have emerged in recent years include high-frequency ultrasound, optical coherence tomography or multispectral imaging. These are currently used in dermatological research but are expected to gradually become part of daily patient care. The knowledge of digital technologies and new imaging techniques is essential for the modern dermatologist. In the future, it is expected to be an essential part of modern and optimised patient care.
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Objective: We aimed to find the parameters that can change during herpes zoster infection and observe the relationship of these parameters throughout the disease. Material and Methods: We compared 40 herpes zoster patients and 2 separate control groups, who were healthy and had comorbidities similar in age and gender. Patient files were retrospectively analyzed, and laboratory parameters were compared between groups. The laboratory values of the patient group with herpes zoster were evaluated among themselves according to the duration of the symptoms. Results: Fasting glucose, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase values, the percentage and the absolute number of monocytes, red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation, and C-reactive protein levels of the patients with herpes zoster were significantly higher, and the absolute number of lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume and platelet distribution width levels were lower than the control groups. The percentage of monocytes in the first 5 days was significantly higher than in the following days, and hematocrit values were lower in the last days. Conclusion: Examining routine laboratory values during diseases may help diagnose the disease, especially in patients with faint clinical signs and zoster sine zoster. In addition, it may be useful to question patients with herpes zoster for renal dysfunction, rheumatological diseases, and malignancy.
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Background: Clostridium spp. spores are resistant to many factors, including alcohol-based disinfectants. The presence of clostridial spores in a hospital environment may lead to infection outbreaks among patients and health care workers. Background: This study is aimed to detect clostridial spores in the aurology hospital using C diff Banana BrothTM and assess the antibiotic sensitivity and toxinotypes of isolates. Methods: After diagnosing COVID-19 in medical staff and closing an 86-bed urology hospital in 2020 for H2O2 fogging, 58 swabs from the hospital environment were inoculated to C diff Banana BrothTM, incubated at 37 degrees C for 14 days, checked daily, and positive broths were sub-cultured anaerobically for 48 h at 37 degrees C. After identification, multiplex PCR (mPCR) was performed for Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile toxin genes, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Results: In this study, 16 out of 58 (~ 28%) strains of Clostridium spp. were cultured: 11 - C. perfringens, 2 - C. baratii, and 1 each of C. paraputrificum, C. difficile, and C. clostridioforme. 11 C. perfringens were positive for the cpa, 7 - the cpb2, 2 - cpiA, and 1 - cpb toxin genes. All isolates were sensitive to metronidazole, vancomycin, moxifloxacin, penicillin/tazobactam, and rifampicin. Two out of the 11 C. perfringens strains were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. Conclusions: Regardless of the performed H2O2 fogging, antibiotic-resistant, toxigenic strains of C. perfringens (69%) obtained from the urology hospital environment were cultured using C diff Banana BrothTM, indicating the need to develop the necessary sanitary and epidemiological procedures in this hospital.
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Objective: To build a quality evaluation system for emergency pre-test and triage under a normal COVID-19 epidemic, based on the Servqual model, and to improve the effect of emergency epidemic prevention and control and the quality of emergency pre-testing and triage under the normalization of COVID-19 epidemics. Methods: Based on the Servqual model, a quality evaluation system of emergency pre-examination and triage under the normalization of COVID-19 epidemic was developed. Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted by the Delphi method, involving 15 experts. Results: The recovery rates for the two rounds of expert consultation were 100%, the expert authority coefficient was 0.954, and the Kendall coordination coefficients were 0.273 and 0.182 . The coefficients of variation of the three-level indicators of the two rounds of expert consultation were 0.003-0.275 and 0.052-0.125, respectively. An evaluation system including 5 first-level indicators, 14 second-level indicators and 42 third-level indicators of 5 dimensions (feasibility, reliability, responsiveness, security, empathy) of the Servqual model was established. Conclusion: Based on the Servqual model, a quality evaluation system for emergency pre-examination and triage under the normalization of the COVID-19 epidemic situation was completed. It reflects the medical services, triage and epidemic prevention and control required to provide the requisite quality of emergency pre-examination and triage under the normalization of the COVID-19 epidemic situation. It provides a reference for the quality supervision of emergency pre-examination and triage under the normalization of the COVID-19 epidemic situation.
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These proceedings comprise 85 articles spanning diverse fields such as bacteriology, molecular biology, biotechnology, dermatology, infectious and parasitic diseases, epidemiology, physiotherapy, immunology, mycology, parasitology, pathology, collective health, and virology. The articles delve into a wide range of research topics, from repurposing drugs for Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections to utilising artificial intelligence for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. In bacteriology, investigations explore the correlation between smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric adenocarcinoma patients, as well as the resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tracheostomised children. Molecular biology studies focus on gene polymorphisms related to diseases like paracoccidioidomycosis. Biotechnology research emphasises bioactive molecules in species like Croton urucurana and the development of computational models for cytotoxicity prediction. Dermatology articles address stability characterisation in vegetable oil-based nanoemulsions. The section on infectious and parasitic diseases encompasses studies on COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnant women and the impact of infection prevention measures in rehabilitation hospitals. Epidemiology investigations analyse trends in premature mortality, tuberculosis in diabetic patients, and public adherence to non-pharmacological COVID-19 measures. Physiotherapy research covers topics such as telerehabilitation through a developed game and the prevalence of congenital anomalies. Immunology studies explore immune responses in HIV and Leishmaniasis, whilst mycology investigates the biotechnological potential of fungi from the cerrado biome. Parasitology research evaluates treatment efficacy against vectors parasites such as Aedes aegypti and Toxoplasma gondii. Pathology articles discuss intentional intoxication in cattle and the influence of curcumin on acute kidney injury therapy. Collective health studies focus on intervention plan development in healthcare settings and pesticide use in horticulture. Lastly, virology research investigates parvovirus occurrence in hospitalised children during the COVID-19 pandemic, hidden hepatitis B virus infection in inmates, and the prevalence of HPV and HTLV-1/2 infections in specific populations.
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A 64-year-old never-smoker man, with professional exposure, presented to Marius Nasta Pneumophtisiology Institute for fatigability to effort, in the context of severe SARS-COV2 infection one month previously. His medical history includes pulmonary tuberculosis (55 years ago) and newly diagnosed type II diabetes (261 mg/dL glycemia). The thoracic tomography computer in the immediate post-COVID period (Fig. 1A) revealed the presence of glass ground lesions and a 3 cm nodule with cystic degeneration in the upper left lobe. A gross examination of the specimen identified a condensation area of 2.5 cm diameter, brown-grey colored, with necrosis and central ulceration. Microscopic examination showed the presence of bronchiectasis with squamous metaplasia of the epithelium, which appears ulcerated;numerous calcium oxalate crystals with adjacent foreign body granulomatous reaction;endobronchial are present fibrinous and inflammatory debris, brown-black pigment, and septate, dichotomous branching hyphae, suggestive of Aspergillus spp. A periodic acid-Schiff stain was performed, identifying the fungal hyphae. The histopathological diagnosis was bronchiectasis supra-infected and colonized with fungal filaments (Aspergillus niger).
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Since Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first appeared in China in December 2019, the globe has been dealing with an ever-increasing incidence of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019). In addition to respiratory disorders, 40% of patients present with gastrointestinal (GI) involvement. Abdominal pain is the most common indication for computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography. After GI tract involvement, solid visceral organ infarction is the most prevalent abdominal abnormality in COVID-19. This review aims to gather the available data in the literature about imaging features of solid abdominal organs in patients with COVID-19. Gallbladder wall thickening and distension, cholelithiasis, hyperdense biliary sludge, acalculous cholecystitis, periportal edema, heterogeneous liver enhancement, and liver hypodensity and infarction are among hepatobiliary imaging findings in CT, particularly in patients admitted to ICU. Pancreatic involvement can develop as a result of direct SARS-CoV2 invasion with signs of acute pancreatitis in abdominal CT, such as edema and inflammation of the pancreas. Infarction was the most prevalent renal and splenic involvement in patients with COVID-19 who underwent abdominal CT presenting with areas of parenchymal hypodensity. In conclusion, although solid abdominal organs are rarely affected by COVID-19, clinicians must be familiar with the manifestations since they are associated with the disease severity and poor outcome.
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Background: Gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the consequences of COVID-19, which is associated with increased hospitalization and patient mortality. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of endoscopic findings and the outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from September to December 2019 in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, out of 5800 patients who were admitted to Al- Zahra Hospital in Isfahan from September to December 2019 due to COVID-19 (according to the positive PCR test result), 87 patients who underwent endoscopy due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding by a skilled gastroenterologist, were selected and studied. Demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, use of anticoagulants, and laboratory findings were studied and evaluated and finally, the disease was evaluated and compared based on endoscopic findings. Results: Based on the results obtained from this research, the patients with endoscopic lesions had higher average age (P=0.041), lower blood oxygen saturation percentage (P=0.028), and higher bleeding intensity (P=0.018). The frequency of using anticoagulant drugs in the group whose endoscopy results were abnormal was higher but insignificant. Hemoglobin, platelet, lymphocyte, and CRP levels were higher in the group whose endoscopy was normal, and NLR, LDH, and D-dimer levels were higher in the group whose endoscopy was abnormal (P<0.050). Three people (11.55%) from the group with normal endoscopy and 18 people (29.5%) from the group with abnormal endoscopy died, but the frequency of death was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.070). Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the COVID patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who had endoscopic lesions had significant differences in some characteristics such as age, bleeding intensity, and blood oxygen saturation percentage with patients with normal endoscopy. Also, the frequency of death in patients with endoscopic lesions was relatively higher. Therefore, COVID patients with gastrointestinal bleeding should undergo endoscopy as soon as possible and necessary measures should be taken to control and prevent gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Objectives: Various reagents and equipment for testing SARS-CoV-2 infections have been developed, particularly rapid molecular tests based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: We evaluated the analytical performance of four rapid molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2. We used 56 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection;36 diagnosed as positive by the AmpdirectTM 2019-nCoV Detection Kit (Shimadzu assay) were considered as true-positive samples. Results: The sensitivity of CobasR Liat SARS-CoV-2 and Flu A/B (Cobas) was the highest among the four molecular test kits. The limit of detection was 1.49 x 10-2 copies/ micro L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.46x10-2-1.51 x 10-2 copies/ micro L) for Cobas;1.43 x 10-1 copies/ micro L (95% CI: 8.01x10-3-2.78 x 10-1 copies/ micro L) for XpertR Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test (Xpert);2.00 x 10-1 copies/ micro L (95% CI: 1.95x10-1-2.05 x 10-1 copies/ micro L) for FilmArray Respiratory Panel v2.1 (FilmArray);and 3.33 x 10 copies/ micro L (95% CI: 1.93 x 10-4.72x10 copies/ micro L) for Smart GeneR SARS-CoV-2 (Smart gene). Cobas also had a high sensitivity (100%) compared with Shimadzu assay. The sensitivities of Xpert, FilmArray, and Smart Gene were 97.2%, 97.2%, and 75.0%, respectively. The specificity of all tests was 100%. Conclusions: In conclusion, the four rapid SARS-CoV-2 molecular test kits have high specificity and sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2. As they are easy to use, they could be a useful method for detecting SARS-CoV-2.
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Introduction: universal neonatal hearing screening is a test that enables to identify or suspect hearing loss, performed via habilitation or rehabilitation plan. Background: determine the coverage of universal hearing screening in the epidemiological context of COVID-19 in Guantanamo province, during the period of march 2020 to march 2021. Method: a descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 5 999 newborns (as Universe) were involved in the study. Variables used were as follow: sex, newborns with or without risk factors, and otoacoustic emissions, which outcomes allowed for the evaluation of universal hearing screening coverage. The standard indicator (95%) and the time at which the first otoacoustic emissions were made were defined. The percentage of newborns detected before one month of life was established as indicator. Results: the 51.1% of the 5 999 newborns were male and 48.3% were female. The 100% of newborns (5 838) without risk factors underwent to the first examination, meanwhile, among those with risk factors (151 newborns) 0.2% (10) could not be tested. Screening of newborns without factors occurred between 1 and 3 days after birth. Screening was never performed after 30 days of birth in those who presented risk factors. Coverage was 99.8% and the reference rate was 0.2%. Conclusions: Universal Hearing Screening Program application in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Guantanamo province shows a fulfillment in the coverage indicator.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents an unprecedented challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. Earlier to SARS-CoV pandemic, coronaviruses were only thought to cause mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections in humans. COVID 19 presents across a spectrum of symptoms. WHO recommends detection of unique sequences of virus RNA by Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) such as real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The aim of this cross sectional study was analysis and confirmation of Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab specimen by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study that reviewed records of samples collected from June 2021 to March 2022. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab specimen were collected from suspected COVID-19 subjects of various districts of Punjab and referred to Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory [VRDL], Government Medical College [GMC], Amritsar for laboratory analysis and confirmation by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: During the present study, a total of 11,27,005 samples were analyzed from June 2021 to March 2022 for SARS-CoV-2 detection by ICMR approved COVID-19 RT-PCR kits. Out of total 11,27,005 cases, 24,466 cases (2.17%) were found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive while 11,02,539 cases (97.83%) were SARS-CoV-2 negative. Conclusions: Ever since the COVID-19 global pandemic emerged, the developing countries are facing challenges regarding its diagnosis. Isolation of the infected person will eventually decrease the Reproduction number i.e Ro which will further interrupt the transmission cycle leading to decrease in community spread.
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The availability of accurate and rapid diagnostic tools for COVID-19 is essential for tackling the ongoing pandemic. In this context, researchers in the UK have started testing a new Lateral Flow Device (LFD) based on proprietary Biotinylated anti SARS-CoV-2 S1 AffimerR technology that binds to the SARS-CoV2-S1 protein in anterior nasal swab samples, generating an ultrasensitive method for detection. This international study aimed to compare its performance against other available Antigen-detecting Rapid Diagnostic Tests (Ag-RDTs) in a real-world clinical setting. The study was completed under the frame of Project SENSORNAS RTC-20176501 in collaboration with MiRNAX Biosens Ltd. and Hospital Carlos III, it was documented internally and deposited in agreement to the ISO 13485 norm. All the data obtained are currently under submission and review from the Ethics Committee of Universidad Autonoma de Madrid.
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We developed a pandemic telephone outreach protocol to identify risk for social isolation, health destabilization, medication issues, inadequate services and supports, and caregiver stress among older adults at high risk of destabilization. Screening, conducted between April 1, 2020, and May 8, 2020, was targeted to those who had previously been screened as frail or who were identified as vulnerable by their family physician. This study describes the implementation and results of this risk screening protocol and describes patient, caregiver, and health professional perceptions of this outreach initiative. Mixed methods included satisfaction surveys and interviews completed by patients/caregivers (N = 300 and N = 26, respectively) and health professionals (N = 18 and N = 9, respectively). A medical record audit collected information on patient characteristics and screening outcomes. A total of 335 patients were screened in the early weeks of the pandemic, of whom 23% were identified with at least one risk factor, most commonly related to the potential for health destabilization and medication risk. Follow-up referrals were made most frequently to physicians, a pharmacist, and a social worker. The outreach calls were very well received by patients and caregivers who described feeling cared for and valued at a time when they were socially isolated and lonely. The outreach calls provided access to trusted COVID-19 information and reassurance that health care was still available. The majority of health professionals (>86%) were "very" or "extremely" satisfied with the ease of completing the screening via telephone and value for time spent;for 79% the protocol was "very" or "extremely" feasible to implement. Health professional interviews revealed that patients were unaware they could access care during the pandemic lockdown but were reassured that care was available, potential crises were averted, and they supported future implementation. Risk screening provides a significant opportunity to provide information, support, and mitigate potential risks and is an important and feasible component of pandemic planning in primary care.
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Introduction: Sri Lanka adopted various control measures to stop the spread of COVID-19 including early detection by widespread testing, contact tracing and isolation. However, some people were not willing to accept testing due to several reasons. This is the first study from Sri Lanka conducted to determine people's level of willingness to undergo a COVID-19 swab test. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 427 non-COVID-19 patients who visited the outpatient department at a Teaching hospital in northern Sri Lanka. Data collection was done over a one month period in July 2021. The data collected was entered and analysed using SPSS version 28. Results: The mean age of the participants was 43.4, and a majority of the participants were female (62.8%). A significant proportion of the participants (37.9% CI: 34.3-43.6) were not willing to accept the test to screen for COVID-19. Among the 162 patients who were not willing to accept the test, 56.2% reported fear regarding testing, and 37.6% reported fear of getting a positive result. A significant association was observed between people's willingness to accept the test and their gender (P-0.022) and knowledge of the test (P-0.001). Conclusion: As a considerable proportion of participants were not willing to accept COVID-19 screen testing, and people's knowledge regarding testing significantly influenced their acceptance of such testing, this study concludes that the public can be educated further about the COVID-19 infection, identifying the symptoms of disease by themselves, available testing methods, the importance of testing early and how they will be treated if they get positive test results.
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State of the matterDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting bottlenecks in the French healthcare system, the management of patients with COVID-19 has been prioritized over that of patients with other pathologies, in particular chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the discovery stage of cancers diagnosed in an organized breast cancer screening program, as well as the impact on the time to supported. Material and methodsAll women aged 50 to 74 for whom cancer has been diagnosed in Cote d'Or as part of the national organized breast cancer screening program (first or second reading) from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020 have were included in this study. Using data from pathological anatomy laboratories, clinical centers, and the breast and gynecological cancer registry in Cote d'Or, France, we collected sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment data from all patients. We compared data from the year 2019 (pre-COVID) with that of the year 2020 (COVID). ResultsIn this study, we did not observe any change in the stage of discovery of the cancer at the time of diagnosis, nor any change in the therapeutic strategy. However, we observed a significant increase in infiltrated tumors, a decrease in in situ tumors, and the finding of larger clinical size of in situ tumors after the COVID pandemic. ConclusionWhile these results are reassuring, continued monitoring is needed to determine post-pandemic effects.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Iran is part of the worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The present study aimed to demonstrate the clinical characteristics of patients affected by COVID-19, in our tertiary teaching hospital. Medical records and compiled data of 668 patients with suspected COVID-19 were obtained retrospectively between January to April 2020. The present study outcomes included demographic features of infected patients, underlying diseases and conditions, the relationship between the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or CT-scan with the manifestations of the disease, mortality rate, and age distribution of fatalities among men and women. The median age of hospitalized patients was 63 years old (from 18 to 94). The patients' chief complaints in the admission time were cough, dyspnea, fever, and gastrointestinal problems, respectively. Hospitalized patients' common comorbidities were hypertension (HTN), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (24%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (21.5%), asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6%), or other underlying diseases (15.5%). One-third of patients had no comorbidity according to the data of medical records. In hospitalized patients, 169 (84.5%) had positive RT-PCR, and 156 (78%) had positive chest CT findings. The mortality rate of males was higher than females (66.3% vs. 33.3%) and in patients with positive RT-PCR compared to patients with positive chest CT-scan findings. The majority of deaths had a history of DM or HTN/CVD in their medical records. The chief complaint of patients was cough. DM and HTN or CVD were the common underlying disease related to death in hospitalized cases. Besides, the hospitalization and mortality rate in males was higher than in females. About 87% of dead hospitalized cases had positive RT-PCR results, and this rate was 82% for chest CT results.
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Numerous blood biomarkers are altered in COVID-19 patients;however, no early biochemical markers are currently being used in clinical practice to predict COVID-19 severity. COVID-19, the most recent pandemic, is caused by the SRS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The study was aimed to identify patient groups with a high and low risk of developing COVID-19 using a cluster analysis of several biomarkers. 137 women with confirmed SARS CoV-2 RNA testing were collected and analyzed for biochemical profiles. Two-dimensional automated hierarchy clustering of all biomarkers was applied, and patients were sorted into classes. Biochemistry marker variations (Ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase LDH, D-dimer, and C- reactive protein CRP) have split COVID-19 patients into two groups(severe cases and non-severe cases groups). Ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase LDH, D-dimer and CRP were markedly increased in COVID-19 patients in the first group (severe cases). Our findings imply that early measured levels of (Ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase LDH, D-dimer, and C- reactive protein CRP) are linked to a decreased probability of COVID-19 severity. Elevated levels of this biomarker may predict COVID severity development.
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COVI D-19 has emerged as the most alarming infection of the present time instigated by the virus SARS-CoV-2. In spite of advanced research technologies, the exact pathophysiology and treatment of the condition still need to be explored. However, SARS-CoV-2 has several structural and functional similarities that resemble SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which may be beneficial in exploring the possible treatment and diagnostic strategies for SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses the pathogen phenotype, genotype, replication, pathophysiology, elicited immune response and emerging variants of SARSCoV- 2 and their similarities with other similar viruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection is detected by a number of diagnostics techniques, their advantages and limitations are also discussed in detail. The review also focuses on nanotechnology-based easy and fast detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Various pathways which might play a vital role during SARS-CoV-2 infection have been elaborately discussed since immune response plays a major role during viral infections.
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Dengue infection has always been a major challenge to the public health and in the absence of specific treatment and availability of effective vaccine, this infection has been able to cause repeated outbreaks in different parts of the world for the past many years. This study was planned to analyse the symptoms and complications of dengue positive patients in the backdrop of Covid -19 pandemic. METHODS- A retrospective observational analysis was done on 87 patients presenting to a tertiary care center in northern India by taking into account of their presenting symptoms, haematological parameters and complications. RESULTS- Out of 87 patients 59 (67%) were males and 28 (32%) were females with maximum (36%) belonging to the age group of 18-30 years. 69% patients were from village areas. Fever, headache were the most common symptoms and thrombocytopenia (99%) was the most common haematological complication followed by liver dysfunction (88%). Respiratory symptoms were seen in 18% and skin manifestations were seen in 12% patients. CONCLUSION- Dengue infection continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. The early recognition of symptoms and signs is imperative to the successful management of disease. With the existence of Covid 19 infection it becomes more important to carefully observe and differentiate between the two viral illnesses as both can have overlapping symptoms.
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Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Background: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.